Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners History Essay

Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners History Essay In 1788, Louis XVIII of France summoned the Estates-General for the first time in 175 years to solve the countrys disastrous financial problems. Jacques Necker, who had recently become finance minister and put in charge of the matter, invited writers to propose how the Estates should be organized, and hundreds of pamphlets were published. Among them was What is the Third Estate?, by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes.In this powerful work of rhetoric, Sieyes pointed out the following: What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it want? To become somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The words gave hope to the weary commoners, and set off the bomb known as the French Revolution. The question we must ask ourselves here is this: what implications did the pamphlet actually have for the French Revolution? At first glance, this question appears to have very straightforward answers. The pamphlet, as a whole, serves as basic guidelines for a reform of social order. Liberte, Egalite, and Fraternite are what it pursues, and the ideal society it calls for is based on these values. Sieyes dreamed of a world where it was not the laws that differentiate citizens among themselves but the assets and advantages of the individual citizens themselves.  [5]  Equal opportunities, laws to protect the common rights  [6]  of citizens, and the final neutralization of the privileged orders are what he demands.  [7]  The Third Estate, for all practical purposes, was the Nation-it held everything that was needed to form the Nation, with the exception of the clergy, which Sieyes believed to be a profession charged with a public service that had all of its offices usurped by the nobility.  [8]  These were indeed compelling arguments to the Third Estate, considering that most of them spent thei r lives in utter poverty, with no hope of redemption! What other answer could there be, other than that this pamphlet envisioned a Revolution that was carried through out of genuine care for the people? Before any more is said on the subject, it is crucial to review the society of the period. It was 1789, and the Estates-General was about to convene. The procedure of selecting the deputies representing each order was different from that of the Estates-General of 1614: the number of deputies from the Third Estate was doubled  [9]  , making their number the same as those of the First and Second Estate together, and any tax-paying male over 25 could vote for deputies of the Third Estate.  [10]  Interestingly, however, many of the elected deputies of the Third Estate were lawyers, and most others came from respected professions-unusual for the representatives of an order which was, by a vast majority, constituted by peasants.  [11]  The peasants had deemed themselves inferior and chosen the bourgeois deputies to represent them.  [12]  Sieyes became one of these newly elected deputies of the Third Estate.  [13]  Maximilien Robespierre and Jacques Danton, were two othe rs.  [14]  Soon afterwards, the Third Estate left the Estates-General to form the National Assembly.  [15]  Throughout the course of the Revolution, these three, among many others of the bourgeois, remained important figures; understanding their actions and motives will help answer the main question of this paper. These public speakers and writers continued with their enlightenment. Meanwhile, on July 14th, 1789, upon hearing news that the King had removed Necker from the position of finance minister, the people of Paris understood the Kings actions as a conspiracy to close the National Assembly, and after looking where to find weapons, they laid their eyes on Bastille, which was rumored to have a full supply of firearms and ammunition; Bastille went down that very day.  [16]  The fall of Bastille marked the start of the new social order that Sieyes had written about; the rights of citizens, were finally recognized in the August 4 decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,  [17]  and his theories of national sovereignty, popular sovereignty, and representation became, for the first time, legislation. Males were given universal suffrage; laws protecting property rights were established; no one was privileged.  [18]  19Although there were still many problems and is sues that needed to be solved, it appeared that the wishful thinking of What is the Third Estate? was coming true. This state of bliss did not last long. The constitutional monarchy proved to be a failure, and with the emergence of the National Convention, a republic was born. The National Convention was, as all assemblies that preceded it had been, far from united.  [20]  Political conflict was constant, and to add to the countrys problems, it was met with an outbreak of war with the counterrevolutionary countries of Europe, namely Prussia.  [21]  The war allowed the Committee of Public Safety, which had originally been established by the National Convention to formulat[e] policy and coordinat[e] the war effort, to rise to power, virtually acting as the executive government.  [22]  Under the control of Maximilien Robespierre,  [23]  it became the active government in the period known as the Reign of Terror.  [24]  Any person who supported the royalty, asked for more social reform, or spoke against the Terror was executed swiftly, without delays like trials.  [25]  Jacques Danton  [26]  was among those who tried to stop the Terror, and who was executed for it.  [27]  Eventually, Robespierre, in an effort to gain more power, accused fellow members of the Committee, and was beheaded, ending his life as well as the Terrors.  [28]   We could continue with the events that happened after the fall of the Terror until the end of the Revolution, but the information we have now is sufficient to answer the question. The political events that occurred between 1789-1795 have a certain pattern: the constant change of the ruling class. It is a cycle of men struggling to get their hands on power, justifying their causes as being for the people. What did the French Revolution-the title this cycle of power is given-achieve, as was stated by Sieyes in What is the Third Estate? It achieved, as stated previously, the following: universal male suffrage, laws protecting the common rights of citizens-a constitution, and a primitive form of democracy. Did it dispose of privileges? Members of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror had the power to sentence someone to death with almost no evidence at all. Surely, is this not a privilege? Sieyes might argue that such privileges in post-revolutionary society was earned, not in herited, as it had been during the Ancient Regime. However, the only difference was the law; it was just as unlikely for a peasant of 1793 to become such officials as it was for a bourgeois to be admitted to high offices in 1788. They would both be exceptions. When seen from these principles, the French Revolution brought little change to the Nation; the entire period is merely a change of the ruling, or governing, order. The privileged clergy and nobility were replaced by the tier of leaders  [29]  of the Third Estate, and members of this tier had well been expecting it: they orchestrated it! This tier of leaders of the common population-let us call it the First Tier-spent their lives being ruled by, and usurped positions by, members of the higher Estates. Sieyes was one of them.  [30]  It is reasonable to argue, then, that this First Tier desired to replace the higher Estate as the new ruling Tier. They could not, however, do this alone. The First Tier was by nature, small in number compared to the rest of the Third Estate-for which we will now use the term Second Tier.  [31]  The First Tier required the help of the Second Tier if it were to succeed in becoming the ruling Tier; after all, the Tiers were, in Sieyess words, The Nation, and the Second Tier constituted most of it. How were they to achieve the task of persuading the Second Tier to join forces with them in overthrowing the government? Here, the First Tier had advantages. While the First Tier, as the elite and leaders of the Third Estate, enjoyed relatively prosperous lives, had the right to vote, and generally did not have property taken by the nobles, none of the members of the Second Tier had this luxury. This was the bait that the First Tier could use, and would use, to persuade the Second Tier of their cause. They promised a society in which the Second Tier could have all of these rights, and more. Of course, all of this was carefully written and spoken in a rhetorical fashion, so as to produce rage and a revolutionary air.  [32]  What were the results? The storming of the Bastille was the single largest incident, and it eventually took down the First and Second Estates, replacing the government with the First Tier, who now had the power they wanted-the power to lead the Nation. They gav e the Second Tier certain rights and benefits that had been promised beforehand in pamphlets like What is the Third Estate?, but that was where the fairy tale ended. Based on these observations, we arrive at the conclusion that the actual idea and concept of the French Revolution is not much more than the political protests of a frustrated First Tier that decided that the Nations rulers were not worthy, and its manipulation of the Second Tier to carry out the actual, physical overthrow of the government. In effect, the Marxist views of the French Revolution being a Revolution consisting of four smaller class revolutions  [33]  is a mere illusion, consequences of a historians foolish quest to find excessive class meaning in the incidents of history; in reality, what happened was simple. The people overthrew the government in 1789, and for the next ten years, citizens who were not satisfied with it succeeded in rebuilding it several times. In his famed book, The Technique of Revolution, Curzio Malaparte stated that the 18 Brumaire  [34]  was the first modern coup dà ©tat.  [35]  It was not. July 14th, 1789-the storming of the Bastille- was the first. What implications did What is the Third Estate? have for the French Revolution? The pamphlet was the first domino that triggered the chain reaction known as the Revolution, by no doubt. But the social order that it created was not that of which it spoke of. The Revolution did bring much social reform, the invention of citizenship  [36]  being one major change. However, ultimately it failed to create an equal society, because the First and Second Estates of the Ancient Regime were simply replaced by the First Tier, with the pre-existing privileges excluded. However, the governing First Tier had privileges of their own, one extreme example being the aforementioned privileges of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror. The French Revolution may have started a movement that brought great change to the world, but we must all keep in mind that its original intentions were not quite as noble and philanthropic. The role the pamphlet What is the Third Estate? played during the Re volution was bait for the masses, or the Second Tier. Sieyes was an idealist. He likely believed that the world he dreamt of was possible, even with the First Tier merely replacing the First and Second Estates and taking control of the Nation, as long as those in high positions had correct motives. However, his comments on the Terror after it had deteriorated, I survived,  [37]  seem to suggest that he had lost faith in the idea. This appears to be not far from the truth, as in 1799, ten years after the publication of What is the Third Estate?, Sieyes assisted Napoleons successful coup dà ©tat, ending the Revolution, closing the door he had so enthusiastically opened a decade earlier.  [38]  

Canadian business laws and regulations Essay

The Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) applies the Food and Drug Regulations and the Medical Devices Regulations under the authority of the Food and Drugs Act to ensure that the pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices that are offered for sale in Canada are safe, effective and are of high quality. The TPD also administers fee regulations for drugs and medical devices under the authority of the Financial Administration Act. All Federal Acts and associated Regulations are available on the Justice Web site. The CMDR or The Canada medical device regulation laws can be downloaded from the following website below. http://laws. justice. gc. ca/en/notice/index. html? redirect=%2Fen%2Ff-27%2Fsor-98-282%2Ftext. html Its important that each law and clause is well read and analyzed before submission of the evidence/test report for the device approval. C: MY ROLE AS AN ENTREPRENEUR: I would be involved in strategic planning and management of the company. My work would preferably be product development and testing working in synchronization with the design and testing team. I would pick my own team and assign duties and responsibilities to each member of the team. PART 3: A: MARKETING: MARKET ANALYSIS: The market for spinal implants in South-east Asia is still nascent. The need would be to convince the people of long term benefits of a spinal implant in comparison to alternative medicines. This would not only alleviate back pain but also would improve the quality of life. Inspite of a nascent market, there is a great potential for growth in the next ten years. Our main aim would be to highlight the benefits of Prime disc especially the less non-invasive surgical procedures and initial payment of surgery by Spinal dynamics for the first 10 patients. We would gradually tie-up with Apollo Group of hospitals, Canada. Apollo Group is boasts of over 8000 beds in more than 41 hospitals, a string of nursing and hospital management colleges and dual lifelines of pharmacies and diagnostic clinics providing a safety net across Canada. It also has team of excellent, high profile neurosurgeons and orthopedic specialists. Spinal dynamics would sponsor seminars, backed by various medical practitioners to instruct future patients and improve its brand value. Our company will aim to capture at least 10% of total spinal implants market by fourth year of operation. The company’s marketing activity will start immediately after start of operations, and will concentrate on the requirements of prospective patients, with the aim of obtaining a sizable contract from a health institution. Public announcements will take place one year from the start of operations and will be heavily publicized in trade journals, brochures and shows. The devices will be exhibited at the annual orthopedic research society’s (ORS) annual meeting. Spinal dynamics will have its own stall, with information about its device etc. By this time, the company would have worked an agreement with another concern for marketing and distribution of its products. Regional offices will be set up at the four major metros of Canada, as this would improve the products sale ability and distribution. Once the product is well accepted a number of sales officers would be employed with a chance of an International center preferably in the U. S. A very detailed and lucid website would be designed with product information in order to furnish the requisite information to the doctors and the patients. CUSTOMER PROFILE Age 20-85 Sex M/F Disease/ symptoms Degenerative disc disease, black disc, chronic low back pain Income $20,000 (USD) Geographical Location Canada, south east Asia.

Enrique Camarena Essay

Enrique Salazar Camarena, also known as â€Å"Kiki†, was born on July 26, 1947 in Mexicali, Mexico. At the age of nine Camarena moved to the U.S. and settled in Calexico, California. He worked in the fields with his family picking plums and peaches. Camarena yearned to get a proper education and soon it came. He took advantage of this opportunity and became an ethical student. He played football, basketball and helped publish the yearbook. Camarena was voted â€Å"Best all Around Senior.† He decided to attend college and enter the law enforcement field. Camarena served in the U.S. Marines, and became a Legal Clerk and a Court Recorder. In 1970, Camarena departed from the Marines and worked with the Calexico Fire Department. Camarena became a part of the Calexico Police Department as a Criminal Investigator in 1970, while he attended Imperial Valley College. There he got an AA degree and criminal justice degree. Camarena was sent to the El Centro, California Police Department Office and became a Narcotics Investigator for the Imperial County. In 1874, Camarena join the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration). Camarena was a talented Drug Enforcement Special Agent. Camarena and family were transferred to an undercover investigation in Guadalajara, Mexico. In Guadalajara, his mission was to stop the Caro-Quintero Organization. Caro-Quintero, at the age 32, was the main leader of the wealthy organization. Camarena was about to conclude his case when he was captured during his lunch hour. It was the afternoon of February 7, 1985 when Camarena didn’t come home so his wife contacted his close friend, who then reported the kidnapping to the U.S. law enforcement officers. There was a vast amount of law enforcement officers sent to search for Camarena. There were a lot of people worried but no one was able to find Camarena. People said that the Caro-Quintero had paid the clubs to stay quiet. A few days later the law enforcement officers received a letter from an unknown person stating Camarena could be found at a ranch in Moreno, Mexico. When the law enforcement officers went to search the ranch they found nothing except a family that had been murdered. Later that same evening someone had stated they thought they had seen a dead body right outside the ranch. Sure enough  the dead body was Camarena. He had been savagely beaten and tortured to death. The date of his death was March 7, 1985. Till this day law enforcement officers do not know who actually murdered Camarena, but they do have their suspicions. About twenty-two people have been thought of pertaining or murdering Camarena. Twelve had been convicted; three of which were members of the Caro-Quientero Organization. Enrique Camarena People from all around respected Camarena. On February7, 1986 Calexico held a special ceremony in honor of him at the Calexico Library. The library has also been renamed Enrique â€Å"Kiki† Camarena Library. Camarena’s family wore red ribbons to honor him. The ribbons proclaimed â€Å"No use of illegal drugs, or no illegal use of legal drugs.† Now people all over the U.S, wear red ribbons on the days of Oct. 23- 31.

Computer Based Systems essays

Computer Based Systems essays The system development cycle is a method used to create a system where none has existed before and/or modify an existing system. It is sometimes simply called System Development. It involves a number of stages representing a standard strategy for taking a problem from start to finish. 1. Conservative-working systematically through the steps. 2. Radical-Cycling through the cycle several times until the final result is achieved. The above diagram shows that the system development cycle is represented by 5 broad stages: Requirements analysis or..........Feasibility study. -Duration is relatively short compared to the rest of the development cycle. -It is important to get it right the first time else mistakes could be costly. In the worst case a large oversight would require starting over from step one. The aim of this stage is to see how the present system functions and to identify the nature of the problem (problem definition). once the problem has been identified a report is compiled called a feasibility report. that report contains - (1) Objectives of the initial study (e.g. why a mail order firm takes longer than a week to dispatch orders). (2) depth of the initial study (e.g. Were interviews conducted with staff involved). (3) recommendations including an outline of the proposed development (e.g. redesign current computer After studying the report management have three options - (a) get a second opinion (c) follow recommendations. If the investigation confirms that there is a problem further work and study may be needed. The aim of the analysis stage is to answer the questions who, what, when, why. The ...

Music Video (Madonna) essays

Music Video (Madonna) essays Sally Stockbridge claims that the meaning of rock videos "varies depending upon the context in which they are viewed, and the context or positioning of the viewers or fans." It may be apparent that music video is a social institution where record companies manipulate listeners by using an all-embracing ideology of consumption and where listeners are expected to unconditionally accept the constant ideological meanings of the label's bands, but listeners simply won't respond in a pre-determined manner (Wicke, 1990:79). Music is placed in the context of their everyday life and leisure, and within this context they interpret it using their own meanings and values based on the background of their own social experiences which they have developed over a lifetime. As "consumers" react to music in a class-specific manner, the contexts they place the music in have become more and more densely packed (varied). The music industry has recognised the diversity of the listening audience and have co mprehensively surrounded rock music with a cultural context made up of fashion, magazines, media images and the aura of its stars (Wicke, 1990:79). Thus these contexts develop into sub-cultures which, with their deliberate signs of being different, play an important role in the social conflict over the cultural meaning and value of rock music (Wicke, 1990:80). Youth subculture is positioned in opposition to "parent culture" and thereby is at odds with society's norms as it is perceived by society as a "delinquent culture"; However, this undermines its importance as a legitimate expression of the fan's attitudes, beliefs and values (Leonard, 1997:240). Youth culture is influenced by music video, as it is a vehicle for the issue of youth's "social and moral obligations". Madonna is an extremely socially conscious performer who has noticed this and has addressed the most traditionally hidden part of music culture by allowing fans to adopt her persona (as se...

About how some aspect of the year 1968 contributed to it being a Essay

About how some aspect of the year 1968 contributed to it being a unique year in world history - Essay Example A huge wave protests against Vietnam War and racism prevailed in the United States in the year 1968. The democratic convention is one of the remarkable protests that took place in this year. The police beat the demonstrators in their chanting while the whole world watched. The 1968’s color students’ strike made the first significant breakthrough in the war for ethnic studies. Radicalization became deeper and broader in year 1968 than the previous years. More students supported Che Guevara, a Latin American revolutionist than his counterparts in the United States’ presidential candidacy (Kurlansky 84). A survey by New York Times showed that 40% of the students figure that accounted to approximately three million people thought that the United States needed revolution. The radical sentiment became stronger. It started with the African American society in 1968 and later penetrated to the Asian American, Native American, Chicano and Puerto Rican. The 1968’s radical battalions failed to unite by only one doctrine or program. Various predominant themes that reflected their fifteen years of black power, antiwar and civil rights protests that had dictated their political evolvement were their main perspective (Kurlansky 45). The anti-imperialism as well as the antiracism was in the front position, in the radical outlook. The source of inspiration of the two groups was from the liberation movements. The movements were crashing the notion that United States was invisible. 1968 was the year when the Cuban and Vietnamese revolutions, Marxist armed groups in Latin America, people’s china and also the Middle East joined together into an unstoppable torrent. The activist of the time regarded solidarity to the third world as their major responsibility. It was a term that was commonly used during that period and resulted to today’s global south. People who embraced the ideas about

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Case Analysis - Essay Example Since the hospital specializes on maternity and child care, the officials are more cautious in implementing their strategies. The patients are treated with utmost care from the time they enter the hospital and until they get discharged. The health and stabilization of the patient is checked at regular intervals to ensure that the patient is healthy. (Branden, 1998). The hospital also deals with emergency cases where the patients are brought to the hospital minutes before delivery. (Stewart, 2004). This poses greater risk for the doctors as well as the patients. But the hospital maintains specific process which enables the administration and physicians department to make the delivery process easier. The flowchart depicts the flow of process and the way in which they are carried out. The flowchart with caesarian option portrays how a patient who has to undergo a caesarian operation is treated. The patients are either pre registered or they get themselves registered when they arrive for delivery. If they are pre registered the process becomes much simple. If they are not registered they need to follow a series of steps after which they are admitted to the